Bioinformatics Made Easy

Discover the future of bioinformatics with our cutting-edge HTML-based tools designed to enhance research efficiency and accelerate scientific breakthroughs.
Sequora DNA

Sequora Phylogenomics - Small Genome Comparison Made Easy

(Under Extended Testing)

©2025, 2026 Gregory S Muhs, All Rights Reserved
Release 4-04 - 29 July 2026 - Refining Phylogenomics Webs and other features
Release 4-01 - 28 July 2026 (Build Date) - A new release that incorporates a full pipeline "Easy Button" and refines minor bugs (such as early termination). The new "MARS" metric is now included in this new release. 

Release 3.20 - 31 December 2025 - Attempting to update Part 4A for higher reliability on very large pipeline files.
Release 3.19 - 28 December 2025 - Attempting to update Part 4A for higher reliability on very large pipeline files.
Release 3.18 - 26 December 2025 - Fixed a bug in Part 4A, which caused inflated similarities
Release 3.17 - 31 March 2025 - Fixed a bug in the style code and added Toggle Switch Updates

Welcome to Sequora!
The purpose of this project is to make Bioinformatics easy, visually appealing, and enjoyable for scientists from any specialty, especially those who do not have a background in computer programming. My philosophy is that science should be fun, even for career scientists.
My premier tool is the following Sequora Small Genome Phylogenomic comparison tool. This tool is web-based, meaning no complex software downloads are required. It has been shown to compare 6 to 12 bacterial genomes within hours, by comparing "chunks" between each pair of genomes, and ultimately creates phylogenomic trees.
My hope is that this tool can help both myself and other scientists to accelerate our research, further our understanding of the natural world, and ultimately lead to better tools and better science later on down the road.

The name Sequora comes from a Cherokee name meaning sparrow, and Matthew 10:29-31 which reads: Are not two sparrows sold for a penny? And not one of them will fall to the ground apart from your Father. But even the hairs of your head are all numbered. Fear not, therefore; you are of more value than many sparrows. (ESV Translation)


Tutorial

Sequora 4-04 Prokaryotic Genome Alignment (Under Construction And Extensive Testing)

SEQUORA DNA

Small Genomes Pipeline Web App

Version 4.04 Validation Beta 1 — Traditional Tree-Overlay Phylogenomics Web

Analysis settings

The legacy placeholder is inserted only for matrix completion and is recorded in the report. It is never treated as a measured biological distance.

The reciprocal-direction, similarity-network nearest-extension, and exact-zero controls affect Parts 6–7 presentation and matrix construction; they do not rerun the underlying Part 3 alignments.

Part 6–7 metrics included in the complete report

All ten recommended Desktop/Web metrics are selected by default. MARS Distance is listed first. Version 4.04 restores the traditional Sequora phylogenomics web: the Neighbor-Joining tree is drawn inside a circular all-measured-pairwise web, and pairwise line colors match the numerical matrix. The Complementary Similarity Network remains a separate force-directed summary.

Ready for genome FASTA files.
Waiting

Part 3: K-mer Filter vs Pairwise Alignment

Live workload accounting for the Easy Button analysis.

Waiting
Planned Query × Reference pairs
Passed the k-mer filter
Filtered out before alignment
Pairwise alignments completed
Alignments remaining
Alignment failures
K-mer decision
Pairwise alignment progress
Parts 1–2Waiting
Part 3Waiting
Part 4AWaiting
Part 4BWaiting
Part 5Waiting
Parts 6–7Waiting
ReportsWaiting

Run Individual Pipeline Parts

Each manual part uses the same stage service as the Easy Button.

Parts 1–2 — Genome preparation

Use the Query and Reference FASTA files selected on the Easy Button tab.

Part 3 — K-mer filtering and Smith–Waterman alignment
Part 4A — Highest scores
Part 4B — Chunk and uniqueness processing
Part 5 — Averages and MARS
Parts 6–7 — Rooted and unrooted trees, phylogenomics webs, complementary networks, combined matrices, and unified reports

Results Explorer

No completed project yet.

Individual technical outputs

Validation and Run Log

Sequora Small Genomes Pipeline · Version 4 Guide

What Each Part of Sequora Does

This guide starts with the basic idea behind each stage, then keeps the exact formulas and implementation details available for readers who need them.

Genome analysis occurs locally in the user’s browser.
Development status: This guide follows the working Version 4.02 Validation Beta 1 code. Features that are not active yet are marked as planned rather than described as though they already exist.
Most usersUpload the genomes once, press the Easy Button, and receive one HTML report, one combined PDF, and one project ZIP.
Advanced usersRun any pipeline part independently and inspect or download the intermediate scientific files.
Keeps the evidence availableSequora preserves the settings, warnings, k-mer statistics, numerical tables, placeholder records, and technical outputs behind the diagrams.
What Sequora measures: Sequora compares the sequences supplied to the program and measures degrees of similarity and difference under the selected settings. Its trees and networks organize those measurements. They do not directly measure elapsed time, determine how long ago two organisms may have shared an ancestor, or reconstruct what an ancestor looked like.
STARTThe Easy Button and Complete Analysis Available

What happens when you press the Easy Button?

You give Sequora the genome FASTA files once. Sequora checks them, prepares them, compares them, summarizes the results, builds the diagrams, and packages the outputs without asking you to download and re-upload a file between every stage.
Raw genome FASTA → Parts 1–2 → Part 3 → Part 4A → Part 4B → Part 5 → Parts 6–7 → HTML, PDF, and project ZIP

Typical comparison

Upload the same multi-record FASTA collection as both Query and Reference when comparing every genome in the collection against the others.

Directional comparison

Use different Query and Reference collections when the research question calls for unequal or directional comparisons.

Progress

The main screen reports stage status, planned pairs, k-mer-passed pairs, filtered pairs, completed alignments, warnings, failures, and elapsed time.

Primary downloads

The preferred outputs are one interactive HTML report, one combined PDF report, and one project ZIP containing the scientific and technical files.

Run controls: Part 3 can be paused and resumed. The full pipeline can be cancelled; during the faster later stages, cancellation takes effect at the next safe program boundary.
Technical details

The Easy Button and the independent-part controls call the same stage functions. This avoids maintaining a second scientific implementation for the automatic workflow.

The current Version 4.02 beta runs in the browser and does not require genome sequences to be sent to a Sequora server. Users should still follow their institution’s rules for handling sensitive or restricted data.

1–2Preparing the Genome Sequences Available

Parts 1–2 prepare the sequence files

How should the original genomes be divided and labeled so that Part 3 can compare them efficiently without losing track of where every sequence came from?

What you provide

Query FASTA files, Reference FASTA files, chunk sizes, circular-genome settings, and whether Reference reverse complements should be included.

What Sequora does

Checks the FASTA records, gives duplicate headers distinct labels, divides Query genomes into small pieces, and builds larger searchable Reference records.

Why it matters

Local alignment of whole genomes all at once is expensive. Smaller Query pieces make the search practical while preserving the original genome and chunk identity.

What you receive

Processed FASTA files, Query-chunk counts, genome lengths, record manifests, duplicate-header records, and a Parts 1–2 manifest.

Duplicate headers are preserved: Older browser code could silently replace one record with another when their headers were identical. Version 4 retains both and labels later occurrences, such as [duplicate 2].
Technical details
  • The recommended baseline uses 1,000-base Query chunks and 10,000-base Reference chunks.
  • Neighboring Reference chunks are concatenated into larger searchable records. This is different from describing the References as having a fixed 1,000-base overlap.
  • For legacy 3-20 circular handling, Sequora builds an additional record from the final two Reference chunks followed by the first chunk.
  • Version 4 also supports a boundary-window construction as an alternative circular mode.
  • Reference records are accompanied by full IUPAC reverse complements.
3Finding Promising Matches and Aligning Them Matched Desktop on validation fixtures

Part 3 screens and aligns sequence pairs

Part 3 is the main workhorse. For every Query chunk and Reference record, it first asks whether enough short sequence words match to make a full alignment worthwhile. Pairs that pass are then compared with Smith–Waterman local alignment.

Planned pairs

Every possible Query-chunk × Reference-record comparison before any filtering occurs.

K-mer passed

Pairs with enough matching short sequence words to be sent to the more expensive alignment calculation.

Filtered out

Pairs that did not meet the selected k-mer threshold and therefore were not aligned.

Pairwise aligned

Passing pairs successfully processed by affine-gap Smith–Waterman and written to the Part 3 table.

For each completed alignment, Sequora records the local-alignment score, aligned length, identity with and without gaps, gap count, and the Query and Reference labels.

Important interpretation: A filtered pair is not proof that the sequences share no similarity. It means only that this Query chunk and Reference record did not meet the chosen k-mer threshold, so Sequora did not send that pair to the full alignment step.
Runtime: Part 3 is normally the longest stage. Runtime depends on the number and size of genomes, chunk settings, k-mer stringency, computer speed, browser behavior, and how many pairs pass the filter.
Technical details
  • The current Version 4.02 beta collects distinct, non-overlapping Query k-mers starting at the first base of each Query chunk.
  • It compares them with distinct, overlapping Reference k-mers beginning at every possible Reference position.
  • The k-mer score is the percentage of distinct Query k-mers found in the Reference record.
  • Repeated copies of the same k-mer are counted once in the current validated implementation.
  • IUPAC symbols are treated as literal sequence symbols during k-mer matching and alignment; they are not expanded into sets of possible bases.
  • Passing pairs use local affine-gap Smith–Waterman with the selected match, mismatch, gap-open, and gap-extension scores.

The Version 4 engine has been regression-tested against the validated Desktop Part 3 implementation for alignment results and k-mer filter decisions on the tested fixtures.

4AKeeping the Best Alignment Result for Each Query Chunk Available

Part 4A keeps the strongest chunk-level result

For this Query chunk and this original Reference genome, which processed Reference record produced the highest alignment score?

What goes in

The complete Part 3 alignment-results table.

What happens

Sequora groups rows by individual Query Label and original Reference genome, finds the highest score, and keeps every row tied for that score.

High Score Count

The number of processed Reference records tied for the winning score. Ties may result from overlapping or circular Reference constructions.

What comes out

A smaller Part 4A table containing the winning chunk-level evidence and its associated alignment measurements.

Why the grouping matters: Version 4 groups by Query Label | Reference Genome. It does not collapse all chunks from one Query genome into a single group.
Technical details

Reference labels are cleaned back to their original genome identity before grouping, while the full Query chunk label is retained. Every row tied at the maximum score is preserved so later stages can trace exactly which processed Reference records contributed.

4BCounting Aligned and Unmatched Query Chunks Available

Part 4B counts how much of the Query produced a qualifying match

How many chunks from each Query genome produced a qualifying best match against each Reference genome, and how many did not?

Total Query Chunks

The number of chunks created from the Query genome in Parts 1–2.

Aligned

The number of distinct Query chunks that produced qualifying winning evidence against that Reference genome.

Unique

Total Query Chunks minus Aligned. These chunks did not produce qualifying evidence for that genome pair under the selected settings.

What comes out

The Part 4A measurements plus total, aligned, unique, and unique-frequency fields.

“Unique” is an operational label: It does not prove that a sequence exists nowhere else. Weaker, shorter, rearranged, or otherwise undetected similarity may still exist.
Technical details

Version 4 validates that Aligned is a non-negative integer, that a Query chunk count exists, and that Aligned cannot exceed Total Query Chunks. Invalid accounting stops the stage rather than producing a misleading value.

5Turning Chunk Results into Genome-to-Genome Metrics Validation continuing

Part 5 summarizes the comparison at the genome level

When all of the chunk-level measurements are brought together, how similar or different is each whole Query genome from each Reference genome under the selected settings?

What happens

Sequora averages the selected chunk-level measurements for each directional Query-genome → Reference-genome pair.

Coverage matters

Aligned and Unique frequencies help distinguish a strong match across much of a genome from a strong match involving only a small part.

MARS

MARS combines cumulative alignment evidence from both directions and normalizes it using the original genome lengths.

What comes out

Directional genome-pair averages, distance fields, Combined Metrics, cumulative scores, reciprocal checks, MARS, and MARS Distance where available.

Blank is not zero: When the reciprocal direction or compatible genome-length information is unavailable, MARS remains blank rather than being replaced with a biological zero.
Distance interpretation: Sequora’s distance columns are measurements of sequence difference used to build matrices and diagrams. They are not automatically substitutions-per-site estimates, dates of divergence, clocks, or reconstructions of ancestral organisms.
Technical details and formulas
Combined Metric 1 = Percent Identity with Gaps × Score × Aligned Frequency ÷ 2000 Combined Metric 2 = Percent Identity with Gaps × Aligned Frequency MARS = (Cumulative Score A→B + Cumulative Score B→A) ÷ [Match Score × (Length A + Length B)] MARS Distance = 1 − MARS

Many legacy distance columns use the form (1 − observed value ÷ largest observed value in that run) × 100. Because this normalization depends on the current collection, the same genome pair can receive a somewhat different normalized legacy distance when analyzed within a different group of genomes.

Version 4 places MARS Distance before Combined Metric 1 in metric discovery and reports.

These formulas describe how the current code transforms the measured alignment results. They do not convert sequence difference into elapsed time or identify a historical ancestor.

6–7Building Matrices, Trees, Networks, Heatmaps, and Reports Core available

Parts 6–7 organize the measured distances

How can the Part 5 genome-to-genome measurements be arranged so users can compare the patterns shown by several metrics?

Matrix

Sequora turns directional genome-pair values into a symmetric distance table suitable for tree and network methods.

Current visualizations

Version 4.02 provides rooted, unrooted, and circular Neighbor-Joining trees; full and nearest-K phylogenomics webs; a separate Complementary Similarity Network; heatmaps; numerical matrices; leaf legends; Newick; SVG; and tree-fit diagnostics for each selected metric.

Unified reports

The preferred output is one interactive HTML report and one combined PDF report rather than forcing users to open many separate metric files.

Technical access

Separate matrices, trees, diagrams, and underlying files remain available inside the project ZIP.

Current validated default: The present Version 4.02 beta uses standard Neighbor-Joining to arrange the distance matrix as a tree. The tree is a visual summary of the measured distances; it is not, by itself, a dated genealogy.
Planned, not yet active: Manual click-to-reroot placement, outgroup rooting, and saved root choices are later Version 4 features. Rooted, unrooted, circular, full-web, nearest-K, complementary-network, and zero-distance display controls are active in Version 4.02.
Technical details
  • When A→B and B→A are both available, the current matrix uses their average.
  • When only one direction is available, the recommended setting uses that measured direction and counts the pair as single-direction. An advanced strict reciprocal option is also available.
  • When neither direction is available, the selected missing-distance policy determines whether a recorded placeholder is inserted or the stage stops.
  • Changing a display root in a future build will not change the distance matrix or the underlying unrooted topology.

Phylogenomics webs and complementary network language

Solid line: minimum-spanning backbone
Dashed line: nearest-neighbor extension
Thicker line: closer relationship
Thinner line: more distant relationship
Amber dotted: substituted missing-distance placeholder
Taxon label: genome represented in the matrix
DATAMissing Measurements and Placeholder Values Recorded

When a distance is missing

Sequora does not pretend that the missing relationship is zero. In legacy-compatible mode, it inserts a clearly recorded stand-in only when a complete matrix is required. In strict mode, the affected matrix or visualization stops instead.

Missing does not mean identical

A missing pair has no usable measured directional distance under the settings and outputs available for that metric.

Legacy-compatible mode

The current placeholder equals 110% of the largest measured distance for that metric.

Strict mode

No placeholder is inserted. Sequora reports the pair and stops visualizations that require a complete matrix.

Transparency

Every substitution is written to Missing_Distance_Substitutions.csv and counted in the report.

A placeholder is not a measurement. It is a matrix-completion device and should be interpreted cautiously, especially when many genome pairs require substitution.
Technical details

The placeholder is computed independently for each metric as 1.10 × the largest real, finite symmetric distance observed for that metric. When no positive measured value exists, the present implementation uses a fallback value of 1.

FILESReports, Technical Outputs, and Reproducibility Available

What most users should download

Most users will need only the interactive HTML report, the combined PDF report, and the project ZIP. The ZIP preserves the processed inputs, intermediate results, settings, manifests, and technical files needed to inspect the run and reproduce its downstream stages.

Interactive HTML

A self-contained report for moving between selected metrics and viewing trees, networks, heatmaps, matrices, parameters, and warnings.

Combined PDF

A single printable visual report containing the selected Part 6–7 metric sections. Browser Print → Save as PDF remains a fallback.

Project ZIP

The processed stage FASTA and CSV files, manifests, placeholder records, Newick/SVG outputs, reports, validation information, and run metadata. Keep the original uploaded FASTA files for complete end-to-end reproduction.

Independent outputs

Advanced users can still run and download individual stages without using the Easy Button.

About the PDF: The present automatic download is a single combined visual report. A larger Desktop-style report with expanded appendices and additional visualization types remains part of the Version 4 development plan.
HELPHow to Read Sequora Results Carefully

What Sequora can—and cannot—tell us

Sequora is a tool for comparing genome sequences. It measures similarity and difference in the sequences being analyzed. A tree or network can help us see those patterns, but it does not directly tell us how long ago organisms may have shared an ancestor or what that ancestor looked like.
  • Use trees and networks as visual summaries of measured distances, not as clocks or photographs of history.
  • Compare several metrics instead of relying on one tree.
  • Check the numerical matrix when a placement looks surprising.
  • Review the number of single-direction pairs and placeholder substitutions.
  • Consider genome size, orientation, circularity, rearrangement, duplicated sequence, plasmids, horizontal transfer, convergence, and incomplete homology detection.
  • Record the exact settings and app version when comparing runs.
  • Interpret important findings alongside the sequences themselves, relevant biological knowledge, and complementary established methods.
An unexpected result is not automatically a software error. It is a reason to inspect the sequences, Part 3 statistics, directional values, matrices, settings, missing values, and other possible explanations before drawing a conclusion.
Sequora Small Genomes Pipeline · Version 4 Guide · Accuracy and plain-language revision for Version 4.02 Validation Beta 1 · © 2026 Gregory S Muhs
Sequora DNA

CSV Merger - Optional

If multiple alignments were performed (A vs A, B vs B, A vs B, and B vs A) as separate passes through this pipeline (especially through Part 3 of the pipeline for memory purposes) then this might be a good time to combine the Part 5 outputs, before moving on to Part 6 and Part 7. To open a separate page to the optional CSV merger, click here.

Unleash Your Genetic Discovery Potential

Explore our HTML-based bioinformatics tools to advance your research and unravel the mysteries within your genetic data today.